Hey fish dog!

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Unfortunately there is no way to test for diseases unless you enjoy microscopes, culture slides, necropsy, tissue samples, and a whole lot of other time consuming scientific fun stuff. You could take your fish to a vet and let them have the good time, provided there is one in your area that would treat fish. We've got one here that specializes in koi. Of course, when you own a $10,000 imported, pure-strain, top of the line, Japanease kio, you're not going to euthanize the thing if the diesase is treatable.
Color change of fish is very common. Given the recent history of your tank, I would probably say that the not-goldish-suppose-to-be-gold fish is suffering from a bit of stress and could have sustained skin and scale chemical-burn like injuries from medications/amonia/nitrite poison. But fish cange color based on breeding readiness, background decor, lighting, food, where it is in the pecking order, and in response to stress. You best bet it son carefully monitor his conditions and quaritine it if condtions worsten or if it is getting harassed by other fish.
The only course of action left to you seems to be the one you're taking. Sit back and keep a close eye on your fish. If you note any other signs of disease or the tank takes a turn for the worst, then you know it is definately not safe to put new fish in your tank. But you may never know when it is safe since diseases have no "elimination" time limit. You may think you've got rid of the disease, but it could simply be hiding, waiting for the chance to pounce on another immuno-compromised, stressed-out fish, and send the tank into a tailspin again. The only way you'd know 100% sure you creamed the nasty buggers is with bleach. Just quaritine all new purchases and hope for the best.
~~Colesea